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Building general layouts

Before the beginning of retail and office centers’ construction, building production buildings etc., building general layout is necessary. Building general layout is the plan of the site, on which the location of the building objects, placing of assembling power-hoisting equipment, and also all other objects of the building economy are shown. The latter includes storages of construction materials and constructions, concrete and mud room, temporal roads, temporal apartments of the administrative, sanitary and hygienic, cultural and general purpose, networks of temporal water-supply, energy supplies, connections etc. While business-centers building, retail and office centers’ construction, and even while cottage settlements’ building, the drafting of a building general layout is just obligatory. Depending on the area coverage and the level of detail, building general layouts can be objective (in the work production project) or general (in the building organization project). Thus, for large buildings, especially hydroeconomic ones, except building general layouts, a site plan is made in the building organization project that characterizes the building-economic district conditions.

Apart from the place of location of business- centers or retail and office centers’ construction, on a line plan, for example, the existing enterprises of construction industry are also can be specified - sand and gravel extraction careers, reinforced concrete framing factories, brick and metal structures factories, motorways and railways, water-ways, power supply line etc. By irrigation and drainage system construction, scopes and area of irrigation and drainage systems are specified, their introduction order indication, limits of construction and exploitation areas are additionally specified, too. By hydro-electric stations construction, the limits of flooding territories, by-pass channels, bridges, are also specified.

By planning of construction organization, the objects of economic activity are tried to be fully used for the construction. They are: construction industry enterprises, power supply factories, buildings etc. When such objects are absent or if they are not powerful enough, temporal buildings for analogical purpose are designed.

All-site layout and location plan comprises a site area only, but it includes all its objects. It consists of a graphic part and an explanatory note, where the decisions of the graphic part are grounded. The graphic part usually includes:

• plan of a site actually
• exploitation of plan’s objects (temporal and permanent)
• conventional notation
• extracts from the plan (operation schedule)
• technical-and-economic indexes
• notes

The scale of all-site construction is usually accepted as 1:1000, 1:2000 or 1:5000.

Drafting of all-site layout and location plan usually starts with making of roads for the inside-construction transport and together with it places for all-site storages and mechanized units are chosen. Planning of garages, and also planning of parking lots is fulfilled, if necessary. After it all major objects of construction economy are placed. Temporal networks of power, water and heat supply and others are usually designed the last.

By designing the objects of construction economy, the necessity of these objects and special rules of their placing are usually taken into account. For example, the distance from welfare spaces to the canteens must not be more than 300 - 600 m (depending on the break duration), to the amenities - not more than 200 m, to the place of construction - not less than 50 m. Fire-prevention distances between temporal premises must be 10 - 20 m (depending on the degree of fire-resistance), between storages - 10 - 40 m.

Calculations that confirm the need in different resources, in objects of construction economy are given. For all-site layout and location plan, they usually approximate, i.e. they are based on coarse norms for 1 million roubles of building and construction works. Constructions and devices for providing water admission in a construction period ("construction charges"), allotment of order of works, directed to a unit or a complex of hydro-technical buildings’ erection are necessary to be shown on the all-site layout and location plans of hydro-technical objects.

All-site layout and location plan usually is not made by one-stage planning which is usually related to small constructions.

Objective layout and location plans are usually developed separately for each object, which is shown on the all-site layout and location plan (for instance, by ware-house complexes or public buildings’ construction.) Thus, such layout and location plans can be made separately for every stage of works - for a preparatory period, for a zero cycle, for a superstructure erection. Graphic part of objective layout and location plan contains all those elements that the all-site layout and location plan doe, but all items are worked out more thoroughly. The scale is usually accepted as 1:500, 1:100, 1:200. The arrangement of objects of the construction economy is made in the same way, as by the all-site layout and location planning, according to calculations and established rules. However, in this case calculations are made not approximately for 1 million roubles, but on the basis of real amount of works, and the rate of use of resources for a definite user.

The objective layout and location planning usually starts with the choice of hoisting machinery and their rational placement. On this basis warehousing places for prefabricated structures, construction materials are chosen, intrafacility of roads are made. After it all other elements of the construction economy are placed. The list of all information which the objective layout and location plan must contain, is presented in СНиП 3.01.01-85.